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A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), or mobile other licensed operator (MOLO), is a wireless communications services provider that does not own the wireless network infrastructure over which the MVNO provides services to its customers. An MVNO enters into a business agreement with a mobile network operator to obtain bulk access to network services at wholesale rates, then sets retail prices independently.〔(" Why are MVNOs so hot right now? Thank the carriers" ). Kevin Fitchard, ''GIGAOM''. Jun. 25, 2012〕 An MVNO may use its own customer service, billing support systems, marketing, and sales personnel, or it could employ the services of a mobile virtual network enabler (MVNE). ==Background and history== The emergence of the MVNO model in various markets worldwide has varied in response to local factors. In some markets, the MVNO concept came about as the result of regulatory intervention. Regulators wished to force established mobile network operators to offer wholesale access to their network to ensure robust competition to benefit the consumer. For example, in Scandinavia, significant market power existed for early entrant mobile network operators. Regulators there concluded that the MVNO model would be a time efficient and cost-effective route for telecoms companies to enter the market and therefore bring increased competition. The MVNOs in Scandinavia ended up having a market share above 10%.〔Analysys Mason, (IS THERE A GLASS CEILING FOR MVNOS? ), 17 May 2015〕 In other markets, mobile network operators responded to market opportunities to offer their excess capacity at wholesale rates to other entities in an effort to bring in incremental revenue on what would otherwise be unused network capacity. The efficiency is obtained by the nature of the MVNO business model. An MVNO incurs no significant capital expenditure on spectrum and infrastructure and does not have the time-consuming task of building out extensive radio infrastructure, as this remains the responsibility of the host network operator. In some cases mobile network operators operate their own wholesale MVNO business unit to complement their retail model. An early MVNO was created in Denmark by Tele2 and Sonofon (now Telenor Denmark) in August 2000,〔ITU, (Competition policy in telecommunications: The case of Denmark ), 17 May 2015〕 and subsequently rolled out in several European markets. Under the agreement, Tele2 was allowed access to use Sonofon’s network for the provision of mobile services and roaming agreements. This model formed the basis for the cooperation between Tele2 in Sweden and Telia, created when Telia failed to obtain a 3G license in their home market. The first commercially successful MVNO in the United Kingdom was Virgin Mobile UK, which was launched in 1999. This was followed by the United States licensee of the Virgin Mobile brand. Initially an independent company, Virgin Mobile USA was eventually acquired by its host mobile network operator, Sprint Nextel, for approximately US$483 million. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mobile virtual network operator」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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